Atomic Bomb 8 Essay -- essays research papers fc

Nuclear Bomb In 1945, two bombs were dropped on Japan, on in Hiroshima and one in Nagasaki. Postulations bombs denoted the conclusion to the world’s biggest outfitted clash. In spite of the terrible impacts of such a weapon, it offered the best decision for a speedy and simple destruction of Japan. President Truman, who approved the utilization of the nuclear bomb, settled on an insightful choice considering the present situation of the war. Fifty years prior this is the thing that individuals thought. Presently numerous individuals are beginning to discover that there may be more to the story than what was initially suspected (Grant 26). Â Â Â Â Â The bombs dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima caused huge measures of harm and demolished a huge number of lives, however they spares a lot more lives by consummation the war rapidly. Numerous inquiries fly into the heads of individuals that may have questions whether the bombings were important. Such inquiries may include: Why, precisely, was the bomb dropped? Was the second bomb essential? Was Japan going to give up? Was there an approach to end the war less viciously? Would our present heads have settled on a similar choice? Was any power restricted to the thought? Would it be advisable for us to have shelled army installations rather than urban communities? These and numerous different inquiries emerge. Before these are dissected, a short foundation on the bombs and the tests are all together (O’Neal 47). At the point when a man from the Soviet Union effectively split an iota, the subject of a bomb quickly emerged. Einstein composed a letter to President Truman expressing that on the off chance that a bomb was conceivable, at that point the nation to claim it would have total force. Considering this data, Truman shaped an Interim Committee to explore the point and see whether it was conceivable. It was subsidized by Truman’s multi-million dollar individual spending plan. The outcomes returned positive and full money related help was given to the group to begin chipping away at it quickly (Grant 29). Â Â Â Â Â The figurings made by the exploration group were as per the following. The bomb would be proportional to 4,000 planeloads of the current explosives. Furthermore, gauge on cost and time couldn't be anticipated on the grounds that some despite everything trusted it wasn’t potential (Reflections 1). Â Â Â Â Â At the finish of a three-year research, a bomb was prepared for testing. A test site was cleared in New Mexico. It had a 120-mile sweep. When the President gave the last confi... ... war rapidly. This approach of greatest viciousness prompted the brisk finish of the stop in Japanese legislative issues. Had such a strategy not been utilized, the war could have delayed for a considerable length of time or maybe years more with mounting setbacks on the two sides. The political intensity of the nuclear bomb was unequaled and end up being the main power that could get the ruler to mediate in Japanese legislative issues and stop the threats. The nuclear bomb end up being a definitive envoy in a war where regular legislative issues were pointless (O’Neal 98). Works Cited Ferrell, Robert H. Harry S. Truman and the Bomb. Worland, Wyoming: High Plains Publishing Company Inc. 1996. Award, R.G. Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Austin, Texas: Raintree Sterk-Vaugh Publishers. 1998. Meen, B.G. “Conflicts: The Atomic Bomb.'; Texas Monthly. June 89: 79. O’Neal, Michael. President Truman and the Atomic Bomb. San Diego, California; Greenahaven Press, Inc. 1990. Purcell, John. The Best Kept Secret: The Story of the Atomic Bomb. New York: The Vanguard Press, Inc. 1963. “Reflections of the Nuclear Age';. Nuclear Archive: 3pg. Web. http://www.atomicarchive.com/AAReflection.shtml. 12/11/99.

Admission to MBA Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to Budget for Your First Semester at University

How to Budget for Your First Semester at University How to Budget for Your First Semester at University If, like me, even the mention of the word budget sends a shiver down your spine, you’ve probably been putting off figuring out the best way of managing your money now you’re at university. Keeping track of how quickly you’re spending your student loan is important though if you don’t want to end up broke. It's taken me a while to master, but here are a few hacks I’ve learned along the way that should help you budget for your first semester. Start by looking at your expected income and splitting it into a rough budget via GIPHY This may seem a pretty obvious way to ensure you don’t run out of money but most people don’t even get this far. Look at how much you spent on clothes, food, nights out etc. before coming to university and try to come up with a conservative budget for each type of expense. The trick is to ensure the total across all of the different types of expense doesn’t exceed the money you’ll have coming in. Keep track of your spending This could be in a spreadsheet but I much prefer writing my budget out. This is by no means the only way to do it, but I use a page for each month. At the top, I write the monthly and weekly amount I can spend on each category. Then, I write the dates of each week and the total actual spend on each thing just to keep track of how much has been spent through the month. Then I use the rest of the space to write each individual thing bought. This is quite a long method and, if you copy it, you’ll have to keep it up throughout the month, but if you get into a routine, it really works. Amend the budget as the year goes on via GIPHY Realistically, you can’t know exactly how much you’ll need to spend on various things until you’ve been at university for a few weeks. So, make changes to your budget as time goes by. Maybe you need to allow yourself more money to buy groceries each week? If so, look at where you can afford to spend less and move money from that part of your budget into the category for groceries. This is why it’s important to keep track of your spending â€" even those late-night kebabs and taxi rides home. Don’t panic, the first couple of months will be the most expensive via GIPHY If it feels like you’re burning through money too quickly, remember that freshers' costs a lot more than you’d expect. Freshers' wristbands and tickets to events take a lot out of your bank account, and it can take a while to fully realise how expensive drinks are in clubs (of course, if you don't drink then enjoy having some spare cash). Subsequent semesters will be less expensive, so don’t worry if you’re almost completely out of money by Christmas. Only eat pasta and tomato passata via GIPHY By this, I mean that a good way to save money is to make meals in bulk to last you the week. That way, you'll be saving money and time you’d otherwise spend cooking in the evening. Pasta is my chosen staple but other options are rice or noodles.   Drink spirits not beers via GIPHY If you are going to be spending a lot of money on drinking and nights out, spirits are more cost-efficient as their alcohol content is far higher and they last longer. Also, if you can stomach it, unbranded or own-label supermarket spirits are considerably cheaper than Smirnoff’s, Gordon’s etc. We can’t promise you’ll enjoy the taste though!

Should Economic Efficiency Be the Primary Consideration for Competition Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2384 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Q.3 should economic efficiency be the primary consideration and priority for the enforcement of competition law? It is widely accepted that economic efficiency is the primary consideration and legitimate doctrine when contemplating the goal of competition law. This is agreed upon by both legal and economist scholars. [1] Economic efficiency brings about monumental benefits; it stimulates the economy, reduces the prices of products, and improves development innovation and creativity, creating new sources of capital.[2] Schweitzer has argued that competition law can never stand alone with just economic efficiency in a democratic society. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Should Economic Efficiency Be the Primary Consideration for Competition Law?" essay for you Create order The inclusion of public policy choices is inevitable.[3] This implements an idea that competition law is a myriad of broader national and public policies, strategies, priorities and interests. This suggests that it may not be such a good idea to place economic efficiency as the prime consideration of competition law. Merger regulations provide a good example to foster the idea that the governmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ goal for competition law goes beyond the maintenance of market competitiveness and towards a more social one.[4] Governments may find themselves inclined to prefer non-efficiency motivators due to pressure by interest groups accounting for their social needs.[5] Since there is influence from these non-economic objectives then it would seem that suggesting a framework to accommodate for these objectives would be necessary. However, although this would seem to show that non-efficiency objectives are indeed integrated into the internal part of competition law, this doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t mean that such objectives are followed by the judiciary or the competition law enforcement bodies.[6] This idea brings to life the understanding that although non-efficiency objectives are mentioned and voiced, it may only be done to please the many voices for it, as at the end of the day the enforcers have the discretion to pursue the objective which they see more suitable. More often than most being an economic one. In order to be able to appreciate the objectives of competition law, it is important to look at the specific legal system in question, as different systems have different priorities.[7] In less developed countries the focus of competition law policy falls on mostly social objectives. They usually have a liking in the protection of small businesses and decentralization of political economic power. [8] This would mean then that the idea of economic efficiency being the prime focus of competition law is frustrated. With that being said the questio n over the objective of competition law policy would be whether to achieve moral goals or to insure that the promotion of competition and economic efficiency is maximised.[9] Government intervention also has an important role to play in indentifying the priority of competition law policy in a country. Conservative and libertarian views are in favour of minimal government intervention and thus would opt for the objective of competition law to be based on economic efficiency.[10] Contrary to that, the more liberal views are more prone to support non-efficiency objectives such as the welfare of small businesses and the dispersion of power, in consequence, they are suspicious of corporate power.[11] When focusing on the economic efficiency, there is a usual disregard for the distribution or equity implications involved.[12] This is why we have the liberals who endeavour to protect those rights. There appears to have been a shift and focus on the objectives taken by different ju risdiction. This change has been towards a more economic efficiency base.[13] This was demonstrated by the UN conference of Trade and Development (UNCTAD), which indicated, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the trend is towards relatively greater emphasis upon competition, efficiency and competitiveness objectives.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[14] It has been stated that the allure of economic efficiency may have taken a global turn by different jurisdictions following under the same steps but this does not mean that other non-economic objectives donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need to be considered.[15] Michael Porter argues that construing an entire body of law solely on consumer welfare theory could result in the overlooking important benefits for society. Competition law would not perform at its best and to its full promise if it did not account for societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s benefit.[16] Porter is not the only believer that a solely economic efficient objective would not be appropriate for competition law p olicy. Professor Robert Pitofsky, supports this stance and adds that an entirely economic approach would lead to market domination by few corporate giants.[17] As a soltution, Maurice Stucke suggests that different objectives of competition law should be accepted à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"because these multiple goals reflect the various stakeholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[18] interests and concerns, which they want addressed.[19] It must be noted that judicial and legislative approaches towards non-efficiency goals are troubling. We have mentioned that economic efficiency is the preferred objective. However, it must also be determined that if the judicial and legislative bodies where against non-economic efficiency all together, they would enact or amend so as to provide primacy to economic analysis. This demonstrates that non-economic considerations should play a role within competition law.[20] On top of that, it is maintained by John Flynn that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"although economic analysis provides valuable insights into business dynamics and the probable effects of a commercial practice in the market place, economics is not law.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[21] The competition policies are passed by politician and not by economists. In order to fulfil the aspiration of the people competition law ought to take into account all the peoples aspirations.[22] Professor Harry First also states that in pursing consumer welfare we inevitably satisfy the desire of citizens as a consumer only and that we ignore the inclination registered politically which consequently does not show up in the analysis of market place efficiency.[23] In focusing on economic efficiency or the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"market efficiencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ there is the issue that there is a failure to express peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s preference beyond their dollars.[24] So a preference for more expansive opportunities for a small business or preventing concentrations of economic power in private hands cannot be pr evented.[25] It does not make sense to ignore these preferences as the politics would point out that the public places value on these objectives.[26] The disregard of the peoples voice means that democracy is being forgone and in the process people may lose faith in competition law policies.[27] So many people are affected by competition law policies, therefore it would make sense that the consideration of both economic and non-economic objectives are accounted for in order to promote fairness. Stucke comments that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"competition policy in democracy will never be captured by a single economic goal.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[28] The best way to overcome this once again to accommodate the self-interest of the people and lodge their hopes and fears I regards to competition.[29] By looking at what different jurisdiction have adapted we can have an idea of what has been working best. And by understanding what works best then we can determine whether we should focus on economic efficiencies. We can do this by using the merger control analysis.[30] The US courts have proven to focus their objectives on economic efficiency in their merger policies. The merger guidelines of 1992, demonstrate this as it has lowered the standard of proof for efficiency arguments.[31] Canada also provides an efficiency defence in their competition Act under Section 96. In the Act they set out a test to check the effects of the merger and balance it against the efficiency gains.[32] The producer and consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s losses and gains are reviewed.[33] The Canadians approach factor non-economic considerations and consider the protection of small and medium enterprises, and the balancing of such mergers against efficiency gains of the merger.[34] In the UK, the objective is on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"increase rivalry in the market into account in assessing whether a merger gives rise to any risk of a substantial lessening of competition.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[35] The Offi ce of fair trading which deals with the matter is allowed to use its discretion into these cases. The US holds the leading role of promoting the economic-efficiency objective whereas the European countries demonstrate a state of the mergers of both economic and non-economic efficiency objectives.[36] There has been a rise in the Chicago school of thought, which are fervent believer on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"economic approach.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Canadian competition law is like Europe in that it has managed to find a relative balance between the two objectives within a statutory framework. However, there is a penchant towards the economic efficient objective in practice.[37] The UK has shown to have preferred the economic efficient approach and has in consequence slowly give less weight to the importance attributed by statute to public interests concerns.[38] The task for a jurisdiction to accommodate non-economic efficiency is extremely difficult. Countries such as Israel are still in quest of a method to implement non-efficiency concerns in the Israeli competition law.[39] It has been found by Areeda and Hovenkamp that two approaches should be followed if economic-efficiency objectives should be applied. a) absence of collision with ambiguous statutory language.[40] b) institutional capability of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"managing the information and decision-making process necessaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to implement such approach.[41] It has been pointed out however, that if too much attention is given to non-economic efficiency objectives when decisions are made then in the long run the economy will become less efficient, which will eventually affect the consumers negatively.[42] There seems to be a great need to combine both economic and non-economic efficient objective together. Blake and Jones have cited that the same rule of law may promote both objectives.[43] It is believed that non-efficiency objectives may be reached by ensuring market efficie ncy. In fact, what is believed is that economic efficiency is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"direct goalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of competition, while the socio-political and other non-economic concerns are considered à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ultimate goalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[44] The concern which many have with the Chicago school of thought is that the economic approach they eagerly defend brings about short term benefits. The merger guidelines that defend such thought[45] fails to take into account the social and political impact of mergers , which in the long run may lead to loss or transfer of jobs or an increasing political influence.[46] [1] Organisation for economic co-orperation development COECD, competition policy efficiency claims in horizontal agreements (Paris,) 1996), p.5. [2]O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P2 [3] H. Schweitzer. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Competition law and public policy reconsidering an uneasy relationship: the example of Art. 81à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (2007), p. 13. Available at SSRN : https://ssrn.com/abstract=1092883. [4] A. Ezrachi, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The role of voluntary frameworks in multinational cooperation over merger controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 36 Geo. Wash. Int. L. Rev. 433, 438, n. 16 (2004). [5] O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P.3. [6] K.G Elzinga, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The goals of antitrust: other than competition and efficiencies, what else counts?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ,125 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1182, 1203 (1977). [7] 6 ICN, Advocacy Working Group, Advocacy and Competition Policy (2002), p. 32; available at: https://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/media/library/conference_1st_naples_2002/advocacyfinal.pdf. [8] M. Trebilcock et al., The Law and Economics of Canadian Competition Policy (Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 2nd ed., 2003), p. 39. [9] P. Slot A. Johnson, An Introduction to Competition Law (Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing, 2006), p. 4. 35 Gal, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Reality bites (or bits): the political economy of antitrust enforcementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , in: Hawk, ed., International Antitrust Law and Policy (Huntington, NY: Juris Publishing, 2001), p. 605, Part IV; available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=901756. [10] Fox, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The modernization of antitrust: a new equilibriumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 66 Cornell L.R.. 1140, 1155 (1981). P.1156 [11] E. Sullivan J. Harrison, Understanding Antitrust and Its Economic Implications (Newark, NJ: Bender Co.: 4th ed., 2003), p. 2-3. [12] O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P.19. [13] C. Ehlermann L. Laudati, eds., European Competition Law Annual: The Objectives of Competition Law (Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing, 1998), p. ix [14] UNCTAD, The Basic Objectives and Main Provisions of Competition Laws and Policies (1995), p. 2; available at: https://www.unctad.org/en/docs/poitd_15.en.pdf. [15] O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P.21. [16] 6 M.E. Porter, Competition and Antitrust: A Productivity-Based Approach (2002), p. 2; available at: https://www.isc.hbs.edu/053002antitrust.pdf. [17] R. Pitofsky, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The political content of antitrustà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 127 U. Pa. L.R 1051, 1056ff (1979) [18] M. Stucke, Better Competition Advocacy (2007), p. 51; available at: https://works.bepress.com/maurice_stucke /1. [19] O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P.22. [20] Id., p.23. [21] 1 Khemani, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Objectives of Competition Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , in: World Bank-OECD, A Framework for the Design and Implementation of Competition Law and Policy (Paris, 1997), p. 5; available at: https://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/9/27122227.pdf. [22] J. Flynn, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Antitrust jurisprudence: a symposium on the economic, political and social goals of antitrust policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 125 U. Pa. L.R. 1182, 1186 (1977).p.1186. [23] H. First, Book review of Posner, Antitrust Law: An Economic Perspective, 52 NYU L. Rev. 947, 947 (1977).p.966. [24] O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P.25. [25] H. Hovenkamp, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Antitrust policy after Chicagoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 84 Mich. L. Rev. 213, 242 (1985).p.241. [26] Ibid.,p242. [27] J. Burns, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Vertical restraints, efficiency and the real worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 62 Fordham L. Rev. 597, 628 (1993) [28] M. Stucke, Better Competition Advocacy (2007), p. 26. [29] D. Dewey, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Antitrust and economic theory: an uneasy friendshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 87 Yale L.J. 1516, 1525 (1978) [30] Competition Bureau (Canada), Treatment of Efficiencies in the Competition Act: Consultation Paper (2004), Appendix C. [31] W. Kolasky A. Dick, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Merger Guidelines and the integration of efficiencies into antitrust review of horizontal mergersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 71 Antitrust L.J. 207, 208 (2003),p.209. [32] O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P.29. [33] J. Holsten, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Commissioner of Competition v. Superior Propane à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the Tribunal strikes backà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 2002 Canadian Competition Recor d 26, 31 (2002). [34] 1 Economic Council of Canada, Interim Report on Competition Policy (Ottawa: Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Printer, 1969), p. 22. See Competition Bureau (Canada), Merger Enforcement Guidelines (2004), 8.19 [35] Office of Fair Trading, Mergers substantive assessment guidance (OFT 561, 2003), par. 4.30 [36] O. Green.(2008). Integration of non-efficiency objectives in competition Law. LL.M.Thesis.Faculty of Toronto: Canada. P.43. [37] Ibid., p.43. [38] Ibid.,p.43. [39] Ibid.,p.43. [40] P. Areeda H. Hovenkamp, Antitrust Law (New York, NY: Aspen Law and Business, 2002), vol. I (rev. ed.), p. 127. [41] Id., p.119. [42] B. Foer, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The goals of antitrust: thoughts on consumer welfare in the U.S.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (American Antitrust Institute, Working Paper 05-09), p. 24 [43] H. Blake W. Jones, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Toward a three-dimensional antitrust policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 65 Colum. L. Rev. 422, 424 (1965). [44] C. Ehler mann L. Laudati, eds., European Competition Law Annual: The Objectives of Competition Law (Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing, 1998), p. 30. [45] U.S. Department of Justice, Merger Guidelines (1984), reprinted in 4 Trade Reg. Rep. (CCH)  ¶13,103 [46] Sullivan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Post-Chicago economics: economists, lawyers, judges, and enforcement officials in a less determinate theoretical worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 63 Antitrust L.J. 669 (1995)

The Major Components Of Crime Prevention - 963 Words

In this essay I have been tasked to describe the major components of crime prevention. You might think that this is an easy thing to do however, there are many aspects to crime prevention and in order to define it we need to have an understanding of what crime prevention is. In this essay I will give you my definition of what crime prevention is as well as describe the major components of crime prevention. I will explain the relationship of crime prevention to the Criminal Justice System. I will then give you two or more institutions through which crime prevention programs and practices are delivered and then lastly I will utilize examples to support my discussion. My definition of crime prevention is the attempt or effort of a government to reduce and deter crime and criminals. It also encompasses the effort to enforce the law and uphold criminal justice. Crime prevention is an integral part of most of the components that make up the Criminal Justice System. The Criminal Justi ce System has five components and they are; law enforcement, prosecutors, defense attorneys, courts, and corrections. The one component that I do not believe crime prevention is a part of is defense attorneys. For each other component however, crime prevention I believe is close to the end state for each component. The relationship of crime prevention to each component in the Criminal Justice System starts with law enforcement. The Police Officer is the first line of defense against crime.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Juvenile Justice Programs893 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Juvenile crimes in North Carolina are at an eight year high. Instead of funding more detention facilities across North Carolina, the  state should provide the funding for implementing effective treatments and programs to offer a chance of rehabilitation. Juveniles are  faced with lockdown facilities that suppresses cognitive growth and development. 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Public and private policing have many similarities as well as differences and the distinction between public and private police are often blurred. Public Policing Public policing has always been known as the frontline in protecting the society and one of their major assets is the

The Concepts Of Corporate Social Responsibility - 1456 Words

The concepts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have been evolving for decades. At the very beginning, it was argued that corporation’s sole responsibility was to provide maximum financial returns to shareholders. However, it became quickly apparent to everyone that this pursuit of financial gain had to take place within the boundary of the legal system (Carroll, 1979;1991). Bowen’s 1953 publication of ‘Social Responsibility of Businessman’ was considered by many scholar to be the first definitive book, to explain the idea behind CSR. Following Bowen’s book, a number of works played a vital role in developing the social responsibility concept (Cheit, 1964; David Blomstrom, 1966; Carroll, 1979;1991). One of the factors†¦show more content†¦Joseph Guire (1963), acknowledged corporation’s primacy of economic concerns, but also accommodated a broader view of the firm’s social responsibility, suggesting that social responsibility are not only including but also moving beyond economic and legal considerations. Thus, it conceptualised social responsibility as something a firm considers in addition to economic and legal rationale. However some scholar have a dissimilar view, it has been argued that in order for a firm to achieve social responsibility, the behaviour of doing such charitable act must be voluntary, otherwise it will defeat the purpose for being ‘socially responsible’ (Manne Wallich, 1972). Correspondingly, alternate approach such as listing of areas in which business viewed as having responsibility have been used to uncover the true meaning of CSR (Carroll, 1979). As it has been argued that in order for CSR to be accepted by a conscientious business person, the concept should be framed in such a way that the entire range of business responsibilities are embraced (Carroll, 1991;1999). One of the first approach to include the scope of economic and non-economic concerns in defining social responsibility was the â€Å"three concentric circles† developed by the Committee for Economic Development (CED) in 1971. This model was the first to explain the three basic option corporations have when carrying out their responsibilities, including area such as

Consumer Decision Making Process

Question: Analyse theinternal and external factorsinfluencing the consumer decision making process for amajor purchase e.g. a car or a holiday. Answer: Introduction: The idea of the Consumer Buying Behaviorcan be designated as the buying behavioral pattern of the final consumers. Consumer Buying Behaviorconsists of the analysis of influencing factors those are instrumental in the process of decision making of the consumers buying decisions and how thy influence the decision of the customers. As opined by Hande and Ghosh 2015, a company needs to examinethe buying behaviorof the consumers as to utilize the decisive factors in developing its marketing strategy and thus ensuring the firms success. As opined by Ghosh and Ghosh 2013, the buying decision of a consumer can be influenced by a number of influencing factors. Theses factors are crucial to be evaluated by the companies to examine, as they are helpful in determining their strategy. However, these factors, which are influential in determining the consumer buying behavior, are manifold. There are a few internal and external factors, which are typically instrumental in determining the consumer bu ying behavior pattern. The case: In the following case study, the influential factors of the buying behavior of a person will be evaluated. A person with a moderate income lives in a locality of Australia. he did not have a car. Most of his neighbors and his friends owned cars, which are popular in the recent car market, and these are expensive too. His family and the friends told him to buy a car several times. However, he resisted it for a long. However, in the last month he bought a car, which is more expensive than his neighbors and friends. This is also causing him a budget cut in his daily routine. He was aware of this issue but he could not resist this buying decision. Now, with this real case study the author will examine the internal and external factorsinfluencing the consumers decision-making process for thismajor purchase of a car. The potential internal influences: As opined by Holland and Mandry 2013, there are a number of the internal factors are influential in the process of decision making of the consumers related to its buying. These internal factors typically mean the personal and the psychological factors of the consumers own self. As discussed by Prakash and Pathak 2014, this personal factor consists of the Perception, Learning, motivation, personality and attitude of the consumer. Now, if the Five Factor theory of the personality can be discussed, the buying behavior of the person in the case study can be identified (Gangai and Agrawal 2016). As discussed by Kumar 2015, the extrovert personality pattern is sometimes responsible for the extravagant buying behavior. The man in the case is also an extrovert. He has a large group of friends and he is popular in his group. He loved the idea to be popular among the friend circle by this buying decision. On the other hand, the core trait of instability is also there behind the decision of buying that car. The subject is a person who is moody and temperamental. His whimsical decision of buying can be cited as a proof of this claim. As opined by Gangai and Agrawal 2016, in many cases these personality patterns are influential in determining the extravagant buying behaviors of the consumers. Here, the learning factor of buying behavior can also be discussed. As opined by Khan 2013, the learning or the knowledge of the product or the services of a company determines the possibility of purchase of a product. Here, in the context of this case, the theory of cognitive learning can be discussed. The cognitive learning of the consumer can be discussed as the learning through the information gathering and intellectual processing. In the case of buying that car, the person set the goal of achieving popularity, increased social status and masculinity. The marketing and promotional advertisements have disseminated the idea that a consumer will be able to achieve all those by obtaining their car. It has driven him to the decision of buying a car. On the other hand, the attitude factors are also responsible for such decisions. As discussed by Badgaiyan and Verma 2014, customers attitudes are a mix of a consumers (1) idea about, (2) approach about, (3) and behavioral purpose toward some object. Here, in the context of this case, the person had a positive belief about the big and expensive cars and his positive feeling about the high-end brand shaped his buying intension. The advertisement also worked positively in shaping his attitude towards that brand. In addition to this, the motivational factors are also influential in determining the buying behavior pattern of the consumers. As discussed by Kumar 2015, according to the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, people has a ladder of needs. When the basics are attended, the people want to obtain the higher level of requirements. In the context of this case, the person is a moderate earner. Hence, he may not have a physiological, Safety and Security Needs of the lower level of the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. He is occupying the stage of social and ego needs. His social need of having popularity and the ego needs of status and self-esteem has driven him to buy an expensive car. In addition to this, if the examination of the McGuires Psychological Motives can be done, it can be found that the Affective preservation motives and Affective growth motives were instrumental in his decision-making. As discussed by Gangai and Agrawal 2016, here, his underlying motives were demonstrating his success to his neighbors and the sense of being powerful and wealthy by buying an expensive product. On the other hand, he has shown the manifest motives that a big car is more comfortable, it performs well and most importantly, most of his friends own such cars. All these typically influenced his buying behavior. His perception regarding that car has also influenced his buying behavior. As opined by Malik et al. 2013, the brand name of that particular company allured him to own that product. (Source: Hande and Ghosh 2015) The external or situational factors As opined by Khan 2013, there are a number of external or situational factors are there which influence the consumer buying behavior pattern. These external factors include Group Influence and Culture of the consumers. As man is a social animal, he cannot ignore the influence of the group. Now, the group influence mostly manipulates the purchase of the products like car, bike, etc. in the context of this case the ascribed group type i.e. the family influenced the buyer to buy that car. In addition to that, as mentioned by Singh 2013, the associative and the peer group i.e. his neighbors, friends and his colleges and their possession of cars made him decide in this way. The influence of the reference group influence i.e. the comparison between him and his friends regarding the ownership of car influenced him to buy a new and more expensive car. Here, the external factors influenced his internal drives to take a decision in favor of buying a car. In this discussed case, the expectations of the family member and the friends have driven the person to purchase that expensive car over an inexpensive one. The Aspirational reference group has also influenced his buying behavior. As opined by Gupta 2015, most of the branded and high-end car companies use the marketing strategy of celebrity endorsement. It creates an urge among the customers to be in the society of those celebrities. In the context of this discussed case, the person was also influenced by the urge of belonging in the same social status of those celebrities. In addition to this, the cultural values also determine the buying behavior of the consumers. As discussed by Holland and Mandry 2013, there are a number of cultural values, which can be cited as the determinant of the buying of a car. The environment oriented and self-oriented values like the idea of acquiring a higher cultural status, the materialistic culture of possession of wealthy products, the idea of immediate gratification of the materialistic urges were instrumental in determining his decision of buying that expensive car. His cultural values made him think that this car will provide him a better social status. He also possessed a materialistic view of life and it made him think about spending his money in acquiring the products of his choice as a way of seeking pleasure in life. Conclusion: Thus, theses internal and external or the situational factors were characteristically instrumental in shaping the purchasing choice of the consumer. The influence of the internal and external factors in the customer buying behavioral pattern is a very popular subject in the marketing management. The psychological factors are typically responsible for the buying decision of the customers. As discussed in the above case the demonstrative effect influenced the buyer to go beyond his buying capacity and compelled to buy that particular product. This demonstrative effect was originated by the influence of a number of deep-rooted internal factors. The personality pattern, motivations, learning and attitude of the person has driven him towards the influence of the demonstrative effect. On the other hand, the situational factors like the cultural setup and the reference group influence have motivated him to buy a product that will increase his social status and the acceptance within the grou p. References: Badgaiyan, A.J. and Verma, A., 2014. Intrinsic factors affecting impulsive buying behaviourEvidence from India.Journal of Retailing and consumer services,21(4), pp.537-549. Gangai, K.N. and Agrawal, R., 2016. The Influence of Personality Traits on Consumer Impulsive Buying Behaviour.International Journal of Marketing Business Communication,5(1). Ghosh, M.U.N.M.U.N. and Ghosh, A.R.I.N.D.A.M., 2013. Consumer buying behaviour in relation to consumption of teaa study of Pune City.International Journal of Sales Marketing Management Research and Development,3, pp.47-54. Gupta, K., 2015. Celebrity Endorsement And Its Impact On Consumer Buying Behaviour.SANJAY DIXIT, p.41. Hande, P.V. and Ghosh, D., 2015. A comparative study on factors shaping buying behaviour on B2B and B2C E-commerce platforms in India.EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies,5(3), pp.1-10. Holland, C.P. and Mandry, G.D., 2013, January. Online search and buying behaviour in consumer markets. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 2918-2927). IEEE. Khan, H., 2013. 3 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR.Principles of Marketing: A Value-Based Approach, p.71. Kumar, S., 2015. A STUDY ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS ORGANIZED RETAIL STORES IN ERODE DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU-INDIA.International Journal of Management Research and Reviews,5(12), p.1124. Malik, M.E., Ghafoor, M.M., Iqbal, H.K., Ali, Q., Hunbal, H., Noman, M. and Ahmad, B., 2013. Impact of brand image and advertisement on consumer buying behavior.World Applied Sciences Journal,23(1), pp.117-122. Modi, S. and Jhulka, T., 2012. Consumer buying behaviour: Changing shopping patterns.Int. J. Bus. Manag. Eco. Res,3(3), pp.527-530. Prakash, G. and Pathak, P., 2014. Understanding Rural Buying Behaviour: A Study with Special Reference to FMCG Products.Indian Journal of Marketing,44(8), pp.43-55. Singh, N., 2013. Cognitive effects of advertising on consumer buying process: a study of non-durable products.

Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model Essay Example

Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model Essay Carrie Collins Donnie Harris Rosemary Sullivan TESL 5230 – SLA October 14, 2010 Case Study Outline Case Study Outline 1. Introduction Does TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE (TPR) enhance student learning and growth in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) when used with Middle School students of English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) when teaching map skills? (Per Grade Level Expectation SS5 1. 4, 1. 5 a. Locate states of the United States) Purpose of Study †¢ In studying SLA we explored the benefits of various approaches that have been used over the years to teach a second language. For many years schools relied on a Traditional Approach when teaching almost every subject including a second language. By Traditional Approach we mean that the teacher lectures and shows new topics while the students sit quietly in their seats listening, repeating, memorizing, doing assignments, taking tests, and interacting very little with each other or the teacher. (Wikipedia. org) †¢ One of the newer approaches, TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE, introduced by James Asher in 1977, is based on the observations of children learning their first language. This involves use of the five senses along with body movements in activities designed to activate right-brain function. Asher believed that use of the right-brain, which includes much listening and acting, enables the needed processing of language in the left-brain. TPR also emphasizes fun, along with a more relaxed, non-threatening atmosphere in the classroom. (Brown, 2007) Past Research on Topic †¢ Asher, J. (2010). A new note about tpr. Proceedings of Project Coach, www. tpr-world. com †¢ Brown, H. D. (2007). Principals of anguage learning and teaching: fifth edition. White Plains, NY: Pearson Education. †¢ Krashen, S. (1998). Tpr: still a very good idea [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://ipisun. jpte. hu/-joe. novelty †¢ Mohammed, R. (2009, July 28). Total physical response [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://myenglishpages. com/blog/total-physical-response †¢ Renshaw, J. D. (2007). Total physical response. Retrieved from Onlineenglish. net â⠂¬ ¢ Shearon, B. (2004). James asher’s total physical response: a short introduction. www. c-english. com/files/tpr. df †¢ Tomlinson, B. Masuhara, H. (2009, July). Playing to learn: a review of physical games in second language acquisition. Simulation Gaming. 40(5), Retrieved from http://wwwsagepub. com/content/40/5/645. †¢ Traditional Education (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Traditional_education Subjects †¢ Our subjects were three sixth grade girls from the International Welcome School (IWS). They were recommended highly by their teacher, LaShonda Terry, because of their similar educational background experience, English proficiency and academic levels. According to their composite scores on the MAC II English proficiency screening test, given a year ago, all three placed at the basic beginner level. †¢ Their Student Academic Survey (SAS) indicated that all the girls have previously received formal education. †¢ On their m ost recent screening assessment for English proficiency, the WIDA ACCESS Placement Test (W-APT), all three students scored at the mid to high range of level two. Other factors these three students have in common are: †¢ Country of origin is Iraq; †¢ Native language is Arabic; †¢ All are eleven years of age; All have been in the USA for less than two years; †¢ They share the same culture and religion; †¢ None of the three wear the traditional head covering worn by other Muslim females; †¢ All girls have siblings attending the IWS and/or the Newcomers’ Program at Roosevelt High School. 2. Method The topic of the lesson we used to compare the Traditional Approach to the TPR Approach is identifying and naming the fifty states of the United States. †¢ The United States was divided into states east of the Mississippi River and states west of the Mississippi River. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Total Physical Response Approach to Traditional Teaching Model specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are twenty-six states to the east and twenty-four states to the west. †¢ Students were given a pre-assessment to determine how many of the fifty states could be properly placed on a blank map of the United States of America. †¢ The objective of the first lesson was that students would learn the states west of the Mississippi River and correctly place them on a blank map of the western portion of the USA. †¢ The first approach used was the Traditional Approach. This method included lecture, work sheets, paper pencil task, coloring activity, rote memorization, and use of a transparency on the overhead projector. Instruction was teacher-centered with whole group. Students were grouped in proximity, but not encouraged to work together in pairs or small groups. †¢ After using the Traditional Approach students were given a post assessment of the western states. ************************************************************************ †¢ The objective of the second lesson was that students would learn the states east of the Mississippi River and correctly place them on a blank map of the eastern portion of the USA. †¢ The students were instructed using the Total Physical Response (TPR) approach. This instructional method involves activities using physical or kinesthetic movement. †¢ A teacher-made floor map of the United States was used. †¢ Students gathered around the map. †¢ The classroom teacher and researcher modeled the activity first. A command was given by the researcher to the classroom teacher. â€Å"Place your left hand on Alabama and your right leg on New York. † Then a command was given by the classroom teacher to the researcher. â€Å"Locate North Carolina. Now stand on the state that is immediately south of it. † †¢ The students then began to take turns following the command given by the researcher. After a while the students were instructed to give the command to their classmates. This was repeated until each student had a chance to stand on the map. †¢ The game was then revised and became competitive. Two students stood on opposite sides of the map on the floor. A state is called out and the goal is to be the first to step on the state and stand on it. All students had a turn either stepping on the map or giving the command. Students eventually began using the entire map for this activity. †¢ After using the Total Physical Response (TPR) approach students were given a post-assessment of the eastern states. . Data Collection and Analysis Data was collected based on the number of states that were correctly placed on the map for each of the tests: pre-assessment, all fifty states; post-assessment 1, western states; post-assessment 2, eastern states. Students’ individual growth was determined using the following data: †¢ Student A: Pre-assessment, 3/50 correc t. This is her baseline for her previous knowledge. After Traditional Approach (TA): Post-assessment 1, 15/24 correct on western states. After TPR: Post-assessment 2, 20/26 correct on eastern states. Student B: Pre-assessment, 5/50 correct – baseline. After TA: Post-assessment 1, 11/24 correct on western states. After TPR: Post-assessment 2, 19/26 correct on eastern states. †¢ Student C: Pre-assessment, 3/50 correct – baseline. After TA: Post-assessment 1, 13/24 correct on western states. After TPR: Post-assessment 2, 19/26 on eastern states. Using this data and comparing the post-assessments to the pre-assessments it is clear that each student showed growth in the knowledge of the names and locations of the states on a map of the USA. The following are the rates of growth by percentage correct: †¢ Student A: Baseline – 6%; Western states, TA – 63%; Comparison to baseline – 57% growth factor; Eastern states, TPR – 77%; Comparison to baseline – 71% growth factor; TA vs TPR = gain of 14% using TPR. †¢ Student B: Baseline – 10%; Western states, TA – 46%; Comparison to baseline – 36% growth factor; Eastern states, TPR – 73%; Comparison to baseline – 63% growth factor; TA vs TPR = gain of 27% using TPR. Student C: Baseline – 6%; Western states, TA – 54%; Comparison to baseline – 48% growth factor; Eastern states, TPR – 73%; Comparison to baseline – 67% growth factor; TA vs TPR = gain of 19% using TPR. 4. Conclusions The results of this case study, while limited due to number of subjects, are based on similarities of subjects, data collected and analyzed, and implies that the Total Physical Response (TPR) ap proach produced a higher growth increase in student learning and SLA as compared to the Traditional Approach (TA). In teaching the location and names of the fifty states of the USA, all four domains of language were explored. The predicted outcome expectation was to conclude that the use of Total Physical Response (TPR) approach does enhance learning and growth in SLA of the ESOL students at a higher rate than the Traditional Approach (TA). This expectation was met. A suggestion for improvement in a follow-up study might be to give a post-test of all fifty United States to compare with the results of the pre-test, since all fifty states were used as the baseline of previous knowledge. 5.

Amazing Grace and Relationships Essays

Amazing Grace and Relationships Essays Amazing Grace and Relationships Essay Amazing Grace and Relationships Essay The film Amazing Grace’ follows the quest of William (Wilber) Wilberforce to abolish slavery in the UK. He was a member in the House of Commons and his friend William Pitt became the Prime Minister. On Wilber’s endeavour he introduced a bill with the help of Pitt (who was also a strong believer of the movement, which is one of the factors that made them such close friends) and a group of anti-slavery activists which included Equiano, an ex-slave who was of African descent, and Thomas Clarkson, a friend devoted the abolition of slavery.Another on this team was former slave trader turned abolitionist John Newton, he knew what went on behind the scenes with the slavery business and found god and decided against what he had been doing. He wrote the hymn Amazing Grace’ which was a giant inspiration to Wilber, and guided him to spiritual peace with God, and encouraged him to the idea that he could best serve god in the House of Commons. Wilber’s relationship with Newton was special; they had respect for each other on not only a personal but also professional level.The relationship shared between this pair was so strong because of their mutual connection with god, they had both found what they believed in and could understand what each other was going through, as they were both of recognised members of enforcement and were openly Christian. But this anti-slavery bill put forward was abolished with the force of the likes of Lord Tarelton, leader of the pro-slavery head-liners, and the Duke of Clarence, who saw slavery as profitable and as no humanitarian issue.William saw no sense in him and found it utterly inhumane when they were playing cards and the Duke of Clarence put up his African coach drive as a prize, so he stormed off prize-less; undoubtedly this pair’s relationship was poor. After this bill was put down Wilber turned ill and had to leave London for a more relaxing location at a country home of his friends. He got his headspace cleared and re-connected with his lord that had been guiding him to humanitarian success.Here he properly met Barbara Spooner, who he fell in love with, and eventually married and had children with. Barbara had a unique relationship with Wilber, they first met and didn’t hit it off, but then as they began conversing and comparing views they fell deep into conversation and love; even though they did not agree on everything they could freely express their opinion with each other, without fearing that their relationship will break.It was Barbara who was the pushing force behind Wilber to put forward a second bill supporting the abolition of slavery. But before this happened England went to war with France, and this caused a rift in the relationship between Wilber and Pitt, as Pitt was focussed on the war but Wilber saw it beneficial to make peace and stay strong for the movement of anti-slavery rather than causing more trouble and getting too deep into the act of war.During the whole movie, which is about 20 years, this is the only bump in the relationship between these two, and it was resolved very quickly, so this shows that they obviously have a healthy relationship. They can express their opinion, and sometimes it may cause a jolt in their relationship, but this is because they are such highly recognised members of parliament, and they try to stick up for what they believe in but also the view of their each other at the same time, and this can obviously not always be done .The health of the Prime Minister took a turn for the worse and he died, one year before the passing of the anti-slavery bill. Throughout the more than 2 decade journey God was with Wilber the whole way, and was the main relationship in this story. Not only did their relationship grow stronger, but Wilber’s faith also kept him going, even against the opinions on how absurd it was that he believed in a higher power he had never even seen.

Self Leadership Personal Profile (This topic is regarding Leadership Essay

Self Leadership Personal Profile (This topic is regarding Leadership field) - Essay Example Self-leadership Skills Literature Overview Lorenz (2009) defined soft skills as a combination of personal attitudes, qualities, social adaptability and habits, all of which determine the behavioural traits of an employee at workplace. Many studies have revealed that several companies value both soft and hard skills in equal proportions since together these serve as indicators of the overall job performance of an individual. Soft skills, in general, are based on the inherent qualities of an individual and hence the development or improvement of these skills is dependent on the level of motivation and self-awareness possessed by the employee or any other individual. Self-awareness is based on the ability of individuals to assess their soft and hard skills. Through such an assessment, individuals become more aware about their strengths and the areas which they need to develop in order to achieve commendable self-leadership skills. According to Sparrowe (2005), self-leadership skills ref er to â€Å"authentic leadership† in terms of â€Å"self-awareness of one’s fundamental values and purpose†. Leadership is based on self-awareness and a personal recognition and appreciation of an individual’s own personal preferences, personality and habits. In short, for the understanding of those who are relatively new to this concept, self-awareness which is determined through self-assessment constitutes the basis of self-leadership. This is truly reflected in the words of Harrison (n.d.), who states: â€Å"True leaders are as keenly – and realistically – aware of their strengths as their limitations†. The most important and primary soft-skills that have been identified include: a diplomatic understanding about team behaviour, motivation of employees, organizational dynamics, possess good communication skills (Brandel, 2006); coordination and execution of various ideas put forth by the team, flexibility, ability to handle work-rel ated stress and risks (DiVincenzo, 2006); strengthen interpersonal relationships, become goal-oriented and focused, committed to organizational values, strong leadership skills which include commitment to work, punctuality and taking responsibility for one’s actions (Kerzner, 1987); possess the capacity to lead an manage team members (Sacco, 2006); the ability to negotiate and plan, if required, in order to reach a consensus (Black, 2006); and the willingness to build networks (Jiang, Klein, & Chen, 2001). Hence soft skills are equally important to hard skills as only these help an individual to increase their work productivity, quality, and self-confidence which would help them achieve success in their career (Lorenz, 2009). And all the above soft skills are also required to develop the leadership skills of an individual. The increasing global changes in the economy have forced organizations to focus on the skills of an individual and in building viable relationships. In suc h a scenario, the need for individuals with soft skills is significantly rising as it directly correlates to the success of the organization as well as the individual (Sukhoo et al., 2005; Lorenz, 2009). Current Skill Level Self-awareness and knowledge about one’s own skills constitutes a key factor in both personal and professional growth as they would help pave way for better changes and improvements. In my case, I wish to use the feedbacks offered by my

Project Management- MGMT412 - 1304B - 01 unit 4 Essay

Project Management- MGMT412 - 1304B - 01 unit 4 - Essay Example In our project, the senior executives have suggested a meeting ahead of schedule. These meeting will discuss of the progress of the project and how to move into the future. As a suggestion, the project schedule will change and the meeting with senior executives will need to be scheduled every month. As a result, we have to create a recurring task in our project schedule (Gido, 2009). This will be done as follows: a) The meeting will be scheduled within the second milestone when the project team are in the process of soliciting for requirements for the product design. The main reason for scheduling the meeting at this stage is based on several reasons such as: It will allow for progress of the project to carry on without major interruptions. Since if the meeting would have been scheduled after all requirements for the product had been finalized then the project team would have been forced to roll back on progress made. Consequently, a lot of resources and cost would be involved in the process of rolling back the project and this would be inappropriate for all project stakeholders (Gido, 2009). Since the senior executives are in charge of the project, their input in the project is indispensible and therefore it is imperative to undertake their wishes in fulfilling requirements for the product. ... Therefore, task 15 was the only task that was affected. Other tasks were not affected but resources used in task 15 were also affected in terms of reduction of costs. c) In terms of dependencies, the new task 16 will be dependent on task 15 and all other tasks such as 17 will be dependent on task 16 and its achievements. d) However, in terms of project changes or impact on the parameters of these changes, there will be no major change in the project. However, the meeting has been set as a recurring task with only one recurrence (Lewis, 2010). This was done in anticipation of future meetings. However, if the meeting is to recur and set on a monthly basis then, several resources and schedules will be affected. For instance, if the meeting is to recur for a second period then the project duration in the MPP file will change from 42 days to 56 days. References Gido, ?J. & Clements J. (2009). Successful Project Management. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Lewis, J. (2010). Fundamentals of Project Management. Chicago, IL:

The Phenomenon Of Gated Communities Cultural Studies Essay

The Phenomenon Of Gated Communities Cultural Studies Essay This paper explores the subject of gated communities being a globally prevalent urban or quasi-urban form: which relatively recently have rapidly become widespread within Polish cities. The authors interest in studying the topic arose from a genuine concern over the future of metropolitan layouts and how they are worryingly being determined by the rising number of fortified enclaves. The tendency of enclosing communities does not only apply to new housing, but also existing streets, apartments built in the past, standalone buildings, and whole residential districts. Blakely and Snyder (1999) describe these communities as a new form of discrimination, an economical one. Earlier, ones social status has been asserted by the architectural density of parts of the city and architectural ornamentation of the buildings. However, gated communities are heading one step further underlining the economical segregation by creating physical barriers defending the accessibility, privatise the public space and social living aspects such as safety (private security instead of police care), educational and communal service. More often inhabitants of those housing estates sweep past through their secured public spaces to similar ones in their work place, mega stores, or recreational centres. Gated communities are creating a new, private world which turns into an insular environment (Zaborska 2006). Alternatively, Jacek GƦdecki (2009: 25) believes that a fine line should be established between global and local processes, as there are GC examples which faultlessly adapt to their local: urban, social, economic and cultural conditions and are frequently well perceived. Using both descriptive and predictive approaches the subject has been investigated through gathered literature, resident interviews, analytical research of existing gated communities in Poland and case studies of existing gated communities in Poland, which the author has personally examined through frequent site visits and numerous examples of daily press columns in which the discourse has grown greatly over the past decade. The reader has to acknowledge that the bountifulness and ambiguity of local and international discourses illustrate that Gated Communities come into existence from diverse rationales and are creating different types of social realities (GƦdecki 2009: 66) Therefore, the authors aim is to prove that living in an enclosed community in Poland creates only an illusion of safety, and that building fortresses is turning away from the real problem. The middle class living amongst themselves stops grasping concerns the whole society should deal with. Building an enclosed world, ghettos available for selected citizens, elite housing estates, where admission is forbidden to lower social classes, which in effect could lead to the growing frustration among the lower class. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) I got a letter today, a letter from a friend He writes mate, youve betrayed, gained a pile of cash and weight You no longer travel by tram, times have changed so much I guess you dont remember me anymore, apparently you live in luxury You must have forgot, whats a crowded bus like (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staszczyk, Z. (1997): T.Love Komercja (Commercialism) PHENOMENON ORIGINS The common definition of gated communities refers to a physical area seceded off its urban context with fenced or walled barriers and access routes patrolled by an around the clock security (Landman 2000). Although the elements separating these enclaves from the outside world are comparable, the basis for this happening is not common and is directly related to its setting (GƦdecki 2009: 66). Blakely and Snyder (1999) describing the growing number of enclosed communities in USA, named three types, different because of the inhabitancy motif and type of habitants: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lifestyle- inhabited by people living in a specified lifestyle (for instance: golf enthusiasts, retired people etc.)- designed for giving wealthier people amenities they could not find elsewhere à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Prestige- underlining the adhesion to a higher class à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Security- creating a feeling of physical and social safety GƦdecki (2009: 23) citing Landman uses the category of race and power when explaining the spread of GCs in apartheid. This is one of the most extreme examples, as these are a by-product of a totalitarian regime in which people were forced to separation rather than the indicated being a matter of choice. However, the appearance and investigation of gated communities does not relate solely to North American countries. In 1980s and 1990s this new movement started reaching large European cities of Spain, France and Portugal, as well as South African, Chinese, Central and Eastern European metropolises (PolaÅ„ska 2010: 423). In the latter, the reason for gating enclaves happening and the urban economic transformation had a close relation to the 1989 collapse of the Communist-led administrations and socio-political transformation to post-communist / capitalist systems. The economic conversion from command economy towards a free market orientated, thereby the upward importance and rapid enrichment of middle and upper class citizens and more visible cleavages between the rich and the poor (PolaÅ„ska 2010: 421), materialized in the ubiquitous quasi-urban form of Gated Communities. It has been over twenty years since the Capitalist system has been introduced in Poland. In numerous articles and publications, one can observe the tendency of typecasting the communist state as the bad and the capitalist as good, whereas good and bad sides can be distinguished in both. Therefore, the past two decades and the current states condition needs reflecting upon some unfulfilled expectations and unwanted changes in societys behaviours, inherently associated with its political transformation. Architectural propensities of XX century Poland, before the 1939 Third Reich armed conflict and immediately following USSR aggression under the Ribbentrop-Molotov alliance covenant, were not exceptionally different from European tectonic tendencies. Instantly after the occupation of Warsaw, Nazi Germany introduced the Pabst Plan. Performed under the leadership of the newly appointed Chief Architect Friedrich Pabst, the novel development plan anticipated demolition of the majority of the capitals built environment to transform it into a provincial town with the sole purpose of being a centre for the German elite and a strategic transport hub. The five-year German occupation led to the demolition of entire neighbourhoods and Polish cultural monuments (NDAP: 2011), as well as the destruction of communities by forcing certain members of society into enclosed ghettos and slums. The Countrys revival came with the end of II World War under the Soviet sphere of influence (Majewski, n.d.). This coincided with the introduction of socialist realism to Poland. Originated in 1930s the soviet art movement socialist realism became the only legitimate method of artistic creation exhibiting and applauding comrade ideologies, thereby becoming one of the main Communist parties propaganda tools (MordyÅ„ski 2006: 4). This politically radical movement has been initially introduced by BolesÅ‚aw Beirut the first leader of the Peoples Republic of Poland and the head of state from 1947 during the 1949 PZPR (Polish United Workers Party) Warsaw Conference, during which the Six-year plan for Warsaws reconstruction has been announced. The capital reconstructed during the interwar period has been described as unfortunate, because built to satisfy each tenement house owners lust of wealth, whereas the owner himself, as an exploiter and speculator, peoples antagonist opposing the forming of the new Warsaw as the capital of the socialist state. The proletariat supporters proclaimed patronage over the oppressed workers class by putting the perfect city plan into effect and improving their purportedly poor pre-war living conditions. States main objective became the salvage of its commons, forced to inhabit deprived of light basement apartments and top tenement stories facing gloomy courtyards in favor of the capitalist bourgeoisie all inclusive first floor flats. The establishment of the societys new socialist realism order depended upon undertaking drastic changes in the urban built form. A great number of survived historic tenement houses, which endured the II World War air bombardment of Nazi Germany planes and Pabst Plan cleansing, have been scheduled for demolition to make way for the implementation of realistic works of architecture, corresponding to the high culture and art of socialism, material and spiritual needs of the nations development (MordyÅ„ski 2006: 3-4). Interacting and radiating the whole country will accelerate and intensify the creative effort of socialist construction in the remotest and most neglected neighborhoods and parts of the state. BolesÅ‚aw Bierut From: Marzenie o idealnym mieņºcie Warszawa socrealistyczna (The dream of a perfect city social realistic Warsaw) (2006) (translation: Author) However, the decimation of a great part of eclectic, art nouveau and inter-war edifices was not the only transition the new socialist society had to face. Along with the introduction of the autonomous directive certain behavioural habits were planned to be imposed on future inhabitants. It was believed that the cities urban built form needed to fulfil solely the realistic needs of their occupants. The capitalist individualism has been openly criticized, which became most apparent in both city planning and individual residential layouts. The new Warsaw cannot be a repetition of the former. It cannot be only merely improved, or become a revised repetition of the prewar community of private interests of the capitalist society BolesÅ‚aw Bierut (1949) The dream of a perfect city social realistic Warsaw (2006) (translation: Author) In this manner, the socialist realism clique endeavoured to create truly inspiring urban settings, spaces of communal interaction filled to the brim with public squares, culture houses, public dining rooms, arcades and colonnades, opposed to cramped tenement houses apartments void of cooking, laundry and drying facilities emphasising the elevated ranks of its novel social movement with its monumentality, and at the same time despotically dictating national collectiveness. Therefore the quest for rooting the national familiarity met with great public criticism. The social realist vision of a unified state has been withdrawn when the communist demiurges realised their failure in communicating socialist characteristics of processes occurring in life, or life processes that are not perfectly socialist. (MordyÅ„ski 2006: 5-8). The social realist thaw in the communist bloc countries followed the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953. Stalinist dictatorship, cult of personality and the total submission of USRR polity have been criticized by the new The Central Committee of Polish United Workers Party leader- Nikita Khrushchev. Berated form of mastery has been sentenced to the Orwellian evaporation in the commanders 1956 Personality Cult and its Consequences paper, which called for the continuity of the autonomous state system, exclusive of the condemned citizen/fellow dignitary terror governance and courteous coexistence of communist and capitalist worlds. (Tomaszewska: n.d.) The reprove of the cult of personality along with the socialist functionalism ideology in search of an alternative to the extremely expensive architecture of socialist realism, unable to cope with the increasing demand for residential buildings, has found reflection in modernist planning and mass-produced prefabricated architecture. Thereafter, multi-storey concrete slab estates began to dominate the majority of Polish cities skylines, thus rising to the occasion and repairing the housing shortage situation, as well as becoming the novel urban form showcasing the socialist pursuit of civilians living conditions uniformity and standardization (Wieteska 2007). Ironically, the example comes from the top saying was not applied in spreading the social classless ideology, where the party nomenclature voluntarily isolated themselves from the rest of the society by inhabiting closed off palaces and fenced edifices (GƦsior-Niemiec: 2007 et al.). These estates were and still are in disrepute for their crowded layouts, poor quality concrete construction caused by the accelerated process of hardening and inefficient thermal properties (Semczuk: 2010). Despite this, one needs to acknowledge that its creation was the best solution at the time to the housing shortage in a country tumbled-down by perpetual wars and occupations. The hitherto flourishing construction sector stalled due to 80s economic crisis. Failure in repaying foreign loans taken in Western countries, by implication foreign debt growth, stalled a great number of domestic investments. Deteriorating housing market, working conditions and rocketing goods prices caused a flurry of protests, which subsequently led to the formation of the Solidarity union. This succession of events forced the Communist Party to conduct negotiations, resulting in the 1989 cessation of dominance and transfer of power to the reactivated chamber of deputies and presidency (Madej: 2005). Transformation of the political system, foreign capital inflow and newly introduced law amendments, mainly citizenship and establishment freedom, allowed the replacement of the heavily indebted state-building co-operatives with private property companies. Moving away from the ubiquitous communist times typification, the diversity of available built materials and developed technology has allowed for the implementation of various architectural concepts (Communist times construction: 2010). Majewski (n.d) distinguished three stages in the history of Polish architecture after the fall of communism. In the first period, a vast quantity of buildings designed by Western architects was built. The small group of emerged developers sought to achieve rapid return on their investment; therefore these buildings are characterized by poor quality of workmanship and the use of building materials. The second period was characterized by the growth and stabilization of the countrys economy. Hence the e mergence of many new development agencies and a range of architectural design companies to choose from. Third near the end of the 90s the economy continued to grow strong and became brimful of large scale developers. Companies exposed to construction sector competition were forced to introduce more attractive offers and marketing promotions in order to acquire new customers. PolaÅ„ska (2010: 427) remarks the stereotypical classification used: the tendency of negatively portraying the old as the time of contemporarily loathed prefabricated concrete slab estates and the new as the period of residential wealth and freedom. GƦsior-Niemiec (2007:6) on the other hand juxtaposes this fact with citizens growing income and statutory disparities, lack of confidence in the states inefficiency and inability to ensure security. As a consequence the capitalist system and its social stratification and secure lifestyle have been introduced in the form of Gated Communities. According to Katarzyna Zaborska (2006) the main reason for fencing the communities in Poland is the exigency of security. Enclosed fenced enclaves could be the reaction to long years of regnant communism, when personal ownership was stigmatized, and is coming back in an exaggerated form of fortified apartments. The propensity of Communist Poland was to merge social layers in communal apartments, which fuelled growing frustration and could be another factor that triggered the exigency of isolation and underlining affiliation to a higher social category. Coexistence of areas inhabited by people with different incomes results in the feeling of endangerment within wealthier citizens. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) When Im looking in your eyes, which are so tired as mine Im loving this city, which is tired as I Where Hitler and Stalin did their stuff (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staszczyk, Z. (1994): T.Love Warszawa (Warsaw) URBAN SUSTAINABILITY AT RISK The public realm is defined as all those areas that are publicly owned and unreservedly accessible to citizens, generally at all times of the day and night (Ritzer: 2007). Tridib Banerjee (2007: 155) citing Lynch defines these territories as ones being accessible both physically and psychologically, consecutively underlining how vital such spaces are in creating successful urban environments, merrily and constantly occupied by the public. In this context and specifically with regard to the fact that a great deal of human occupation and interaction occur around and within: streets, lanes, routes, paths, parks, open spaces as well as public and civic buildings, one would anticipate coherent and legible movement strategies within and across urban blocks. Unfortunately, in the absence of adequate capital funds, by implication failure to provide sufficient city expansions, the majority of Central and Eastern European states had to rely on private sector financial support. (GƦdecki: 2009 et al.) In her paper, PolaÅ„ska (2010) aptly grasps the lost boundary between public and private spaces in connection with Polands socio-political and economic revolution. The abolishment of the Communist regime inevitably transformed the heretofore equal societys social status to a novel social stratification. This public cleavage profoundly underlined public position inequalities between individuals, consequently stretching social distances, in effect: triggering the feeling of hostility amongst lower and upper class citizens. In this manner, Jane Jacobs (1961) social capital theory relating to the significance of relationships and interactions in order to create a strong sense of community has been altered significantly. The term social capital refers to a network of collective bonds inscribed in the social structure of a community. The author stresses the importance of these social interactions and their contribution to shaping neighborhood connections, trust, everyday sociability and most importantly diversity (Jacobs: 1961). In the case of gated communities, the spread of this citizenship co-operation and collective responsibility is being limited spatially, by detaching whole residential districts from their urban fabric with the creation of a physical barrier in the form of a fence, as well as mentally by limiting the development of social diversity through the creation of enclaves only available to higher social status representatives. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Our neighborhood stands as it used to So many of us became poor herein Our city stands as it used to Busy by day, few by night Separately rather, yet collectively In one apartment, like kamikaze We dont suffer from money or power Yet this collectively does our heads in Staszczyk, Z. (2006): T-Love Ã…Å ¡cierwo (Carcass) The rapid social class transformation in terms of cultural preferences, work, consumption and rest models of the neo-liberal middle class citizens has been widely described by GƦdecki (2009: 103) whilst analyzing the swift widespread of Gated Communities in Poland. To describe these changes the author refers to the processes of gentrification and suburbanization. The first term has been originally used in American urban sociology to depict the prompt economical, social and cultural character change of a citys section, usually from a residential area inhabited by a miscellaneous range of tenants to an area predominantly occupied by higher class individuals. The latter relates to the middle class depopulation of city centers in favor of the expansion of suburban areas resulting from the development of transport infrastructure and the perception of suburban modernity in contrast to city centre lower class orthodoxy (GƦdecki: 91). Curiously, GƦdecki (2009 : 106) citing Neil Smith considers that the driving forces of these processes are not so much class transformations, but discrepancies between actual and potential land values (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106). These discrepancies gave development agencies the opportunity to seek reimbursement for the expansion of otherwise derelict city parts. The author noticed that publicly funded urban development of cities serves to mobilize and develop the real estate market (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106), as well as that these processes have no affect on social diversity, but instead allow to take control of citys political and cultural economy (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106) and take the attention away from fundamental issues such as: land ownership and property value speculations (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106). This free market opportunity, lack of adequate planning regulations, increasing fear of crime, caused by the lack of confidence in the capacity of the state to protect its citizens, consequently amplified protection endeavour, has been spotted and exploited by housing developers and relapses in the shape of private clubs for selected citizens. Increasing validity of development companies involvement and contribution (Madanipour: 2007 [1998]) together with failure in introducing reputable Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) programme as well as theories such as Oscar Newmans Defensible Space (1996), has led to privatisation of space at unprecedented before scale. Over the past decade the increasing privatisation of space in the form of gated enclaves has been one of the main discourse topics amongst architectural, urban and sociological loops of Polish society. In many instances it has been pejoratively compared to a contemporary form of ghettos (GƦdecki: 2009, Zaborska: 2006 et al.). This rundown section of cities has been extensively depicted in Martyna Obarskas essay (2008), in which the author uses Calimanis The History of Venetian Ghetto (2002) and eventually San Gerolamo as an example of a space completely separated from the citys context , where admittance was supervised by specially hired forces. Interestingly, not all inhabiting Jews negatively perceived the forming of ghettoes. On many occasions a closed off district has been associated with security, protecting the occupants from Christians discrimination, and where individuals choices have not been stigmatized. All Jews should live together in a housing quarter, such as the Ghetto near San Gerolamo. They should not walk around by night too. From inside of the ghetto, where the small bridge is positioned and its opposite side, two gates will be erected. They will be open able at dawn at the sound of the Maragon and closed by night, at midnight. The inhabitants will need to designate and pay a fee to four Christian guards to operate these [gates Author] San Gerolamo, Ghetto Decret: 1515 Calimani, R. The History of Venetian Ghetto (2002) Historically and conceptually closer to Poland is the Warsaw Ghetto the symbol of oppression and suffering of the Warsaw Jews. Formed within allocated city districts and separated from the rest of the city with an elevated wall during the II World War by the Nazi occupational authorities. This is the time when ghetto became the synonym of ignorance, filth and squalor and the thought horizons narrowness. Castellino (2005) remarks how the meaning of the term ghetto changes dramatically at different points of history. Although this words undertone has always been pejorative, the rationale behind forming ghettos in early Venetian times cannot be put on a par with them being ingloriously created during the governance of the Nazi regime during II World War. The Author believes that the term gated communities needs to be assessed against local rationales, as its undertone can recall more affirmative connotations in some urban settings, similarly to the two presented ghetto precedents. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the passion for improvisation, which demands that space and opportunity be at any price preserved. Buildings are used as a popular stage. They are all divided into innumerable, simultaneously animated theatres. Balcony, courtyard, window, gateway, staircase, roof are at the same time stages and boxes. Walter Benjamin One Way Street, 1924 THE NEW TREND (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Concrete slab estates Everyday I stand stock-still How can you build this s*** How can you breed And than not reign Over this bunch, that snuffels the same (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staszewski, K. (2000): Kazik Chcem piwa! (I want beer!) The fashion for enclosed communities seem to gain new believers. Quiet green, The beech manor, Sky blue cirque, Sunny slope, Green apartment- these are some names that the developers want to lure their potential customers with, names that conjoin with a safe and happy living, a green garden, fun circus for your children and an equivalent comrades. But are those expectations being fulfilled? Or is this only a catchy marketing slogan that the developers happily use? According to the internet site Tabelaofert.pl the majority of new apartments on the market are situated on enclosed areas. Only in Warsaw (1.7 million citizens) on 106 available estates, 81 are fenced (69 of them are being guarded round the clock). The case looks differently in other large cities. In Wroclaw (0.8 million citizens) 18 in 31 investments are enclosed, Gdynia (0.4 million citizens)- 9 out of 16, Gdansk (0.6 million)- 11 out of 24 ( Poznan (0.8 million)- half of 16 new investments. Surprisingly, in the cultural capital of Poland, and the second largest city- Cracow (population of 1.2 million)- only 3 out of 14. These numbers actually confirm the states capitals citizens snobbish mind-set, feeling of being above other parts of the country and by implication- having the necessity of guarding their belongings from the conquest of citizens originated in other parts of Poland. Is there a new trend? Which social layers inhabit gated communities? How gated communities are being perceived? How gated communities in Poland are being advertised / marketed? Sympathetic naming of these developments to be highlighted (Quiet Green, The Beach Manor, Sky Blue Cirque, Sunny Slope, Green Apartment etc.) Costs of living in gated communities in Poland / How does it compare to the per capita income of an ordinary citizen? Does it exclude some social layers right from the start? Affordability It is enough to compare the appearance of neighbourhoods that are gated and non-gated to understand the reasons behind restricting access to several public spaces. Well-taken-care-of, carefully maintained, clean and well managed- it is almost exclusively those [neighbourhoods (PolaÅ„ska: 2010)] gated by high fences or watched over by guards. Devastated, worn-out, trampled, decorated with daubes on their walls, with cars parking wherever its possible- these are those opened to the public, where the order is theoretically supposed to be protected by the police, but nobody is protecting in practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ PiÄâ„ ¢kno Kapitalizmu (The Beauty of Capitalism) Majcherek, A. Gazeta Wyborcza, November 15, 2007 (translation: PolaÅ„ska: 2010) SOCIO-URBAN IMPACT OF GATED COMMUNITIES ____ (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Ajajajaj I think Ill leave the house Have a wonder around the city Ajajajaj Ajajajaj My estate is guarded Sometimes I feel here Like in Auschwitz Or in custody But I like it here I live here a while Although I wasnt born here Ive been always a visitor Ajajajaj (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staczyk, Z. (2001): T-Love ZÅ‚y Wtorek (Bad Tuesday) THE SOLUTION (CASE/COMPARISON STUDIES) CASE STUDIES: Two Gated Estates in SÅ‚upsk / Poland: Two estates situated in authors home town, which have been gated after the proposal put forward by the housing association has been voted for. One with a higher crime figure than the other. The author believes that the crime figures differ because of the setting of both of these enclaves. The fence creates only an aura of security. Estate 1: suburbs / surrounded by single family homes / new built hospital on the other side of the street / greenery well groomed (small patches of green space within) / no security (Defensible Space Theory O. Newman milieu- proof of frequent appearance of inhabitants) / one local shop, accessed from within the gated community (from residents interviews the gates had to be opened to the wider public [pedestrian access], as the local shop could not be supported by the clients from within the community only. The same problem has been encountered in Marina Mokotà ³w. -Estate 2: city centre / surrounded by various types of housing blocks / no local shop within gated community / local park possible thieves hide out? / no security (approx 200m) From residential interviews: both of these communities suffer from lack of internal open green / play space, mainly used for car parking shared Dogs not allowed to be taken for a walk within the gated blocks. Children play space: within the community (shared surface) or outside the gates. Comparing to Marina Mokotà ³w: Size of the gated communities 1 2 occupy one city block -Marina Mokotà ³w Warsaw / Poland KuryÅ‚owicz Associates Biggest new built gated community in Warsaw (22 ha). Number of units: 1500 (residential buildings, houses, residences). Overall green / play space within gated community: approx. 60%. From Architects interview (found on the web) original design: whole land to be fenced. Result: whole land fenced + individual buildings within the gated community fenced additionally. Highest quality materials used throughout / gardens, alleys, squares, fountains, waterfalls, pergolas, lake, internal roads within GC (city within a city?) / ground floor uses: trading posts, restaurants, bars, shops etc. (again, gates had to be opened to the wider public [pedestrian access], as the local shops could not be supported by the clients from within the community only: Crisis In Marina Mokotà ³w: barriers up Gazeta StoÅ‚eczna. 17 September 2009) encountered huge dissatisfaction / opposition from local residents. Off street car parking (insufficient number ) / underground car parking (additional fee) Bibliography_V3: Atkinson, R., Flint, J., Blandy, S., Lister, D. 2003. Gated Communities in England, New Horizons project: University of Glasgow and Sheffield Hallam University Bartoszewicz, D. 2009. Kryzys w Marinie Mokotà ³w: szlabany w gà ³rÄâ„ ¢ (Crisis In Marina Mokotà ³w: barriers up) Gazeta StoÅ‚eczna. 17 September Blakely, J., Snyder, M. 1997. Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States, Washington, D.C. Brookings Institution Press Blandy, S. 2007. Gated Communities in England as a response to crime and disorder: context, effectiveness and implication

Hollywood and Nathaniel Wests The Day of the Locust Essay -- Nathanie

Hollywood and Nathaniel West's The Day of the Locust Works Cited Missing Although set in the 1930s, Nathanael West’s The Day of the Locust ironically resembles contemporary Hollywood. Within the glamorous setting of Hollywood, West’s characters take on multiple roles instead of assuming individual personalities. They put on and remove these imaginary personality masks, similar to those in the Commedia dell’Arte, to exhibit a range of emotions that only their character type would exhibit. Consequently, West’s characters are trapped in this restrictive atmosphere, especially at the end of the novel when they become part of a collective mob. In these manners, the characters in The Day of the Locust exhibit qualities akin to modern actors, proving that they are nothing more than a cast of personages rather than individuals. Hollywood is not simply a point on a map; it is a representation of the human experience. As with any other location, though, Hollywood’s history can be traced and analyzed up to present day. In 1887, Harvey Henderson Wilcox established a 120-acre ranch in an area northwest of Los Angeles, naming it â€Å"Hollywood† (Basinger 15). From then on, Hollywood grew from one man’s family to over 5,000 people in 1910. By then, residents around the ranch incorporated it as a municipality, using the name Hollywood for their village. While they voted to become part of the Los Angeles district, their village was also attracting motion-picture companies drawn in by the diverse geography of the mountains and oceanside (15). The Los Angeles area continues to flourish, now containing over nine million people, an overwhelming statistic compared to Wilcox’s original, family unit (U.S. Census Bureau 1). However, these facts only s... ...ic category. Instead, they have the freedom to shift between different roles and characters. In West’s The Day of the Locust, the characters exhibit traits most closely linked to these new types of Hollywood actors. Although he introduces them as types, he develops them throughout the novel with variable personalities. Todd’s emotions, for example, towards Faye range from sweetly romantic to vindictively dangerous. Yet, these variable personalities do not prove individuality, as the characters can all be labeled as characters, just like all actors are just actors at the end of every movie no matter what role they play. Unfortunately, West’s characters can never escape their fixed roles and established places in the narrative despite how often they attempt to change. They are forever stuck as modern actors in a 1930s Hollywood setting, and therein lies their tragedy. Hollywood and Nathaniel West's The Day of the Locust Essay -- Nathanie Hollywood and Nathaniel West's The Day of the Locust Works Cited Missing Although set in the 1930s, Nathanael West’s The Day of the Locust ironically resembles contemporary Hollywood. Within the glamorous setting of Hollywood, West’s characters take on multiple roles instead of assuming individual personalities. They put on and remove these imaginary personality masks, similar to those in the Commedia dell’Arte, to exhibit a range of emotions that only their character type would exhibit. Consequently, West’s characters are trapped in this restrictive atmosphere, especially at the end of the novel when they become part of a collective mob. In these manners, the characters in The Day of the Locust exhibit qualities akin to modern actors, proving that they are nothing more than a cast of personages rather than individuals. Hollywood is not simply a point on a map; it is a representation of the human experience. As with any other location, though, Hollywood’s history can be traced and analyzed up to present day. In 1887, Harvey Henderson Wilcox established a 120-acre ranch in an area northwest of Los Angeles, naming it â€Å"Hollywood† (Basinger 15). From then on, Hollywood grew from one man’s family to over 5,000 people in 1910. By then, residents around the ranch incorporated it as a municipality, using the name Hollywood for their village. While they voted to become part of the Los Angeles district, their village was also attracting motion-picture companies drawn in by the diverse geography of the mountains and oceanside (15). The Los Angeles area continues to flourish, now containing over nine million people, an overwhelming statistic compared to Wilcox’s original, family unit (U.S. Census Bureau 1). However, these facts only s... ...ic category. Instead, they have the freedom to shift between different roles and characters. In West’s The Day of the Locust, the characters exhibit traits most closely linked to these new types of Hollywood actors. Although he introduces them as types, he develops them throughout the novel with variable personalities. Todd’s emotions, for example, towards Faye range from sweetly romantic to vindictively dangerous. Yet, these variable personalities do not prove individuality, as the characters can all be labeled as characters, just like all actors are just actors at the end of every movie no matter what role they play. Unfortunately, West’s characters can never escape their fixed roles and established places in the narrative despite how often they attempt to change. They are forever stuck as modern actors in a 1930s Hollywood setting, and therein lies their tragedy.